I got a fiberglass canoe for it's lightweight. I have to be careful on what bodies of water I use it since fiberglass is kind of fragile in the rocks.
Epoxy-resin Kevlar/fiberglass canoes can actually be surprisingly tough. Souris River is probably one of the best manufacturers of them, at least that I've worked with. But you pay a price, of course.
However, most Kevlar canoes are made with simpler resins like vinyl ester or similar resins, which are MUCH weaker, but also much cheaper to build. When repairing these canoes, we found that the epoxy-resin canoes would last 3x as long as the vinyl-ester resin canoes (~7 years versus ~20 years). However, the company favored the vinyl-ester resin canoes because they were 60% cheaper, and by replacing them more often, they looked far newer, which customers loved.
Fiberglass, Kevlar, and Carbon Fiber canoes are all built using the same materials and methods, except that the Kevlar and carbon fiber ones have one sheet or more of Kevlar or carbon fiber (or both) to add stiffness and cut weight. All three types have several layers of fiberglass; it is exceptionally rare to have Kevlar or carbon fiber without fiberglass on top. Kevlar and carbon fiber are often too brittle or too difficult to finish when used as a top layer.
The strength doesn't necessarily depend on the fabric as much as it does the layup (and of course the resin). You can get fiberglass, Kevlar, and carbon fiber canoes in a whitewater layup, or in an ultralight layup. They simply use more layers in the heavier-duty versions. A lot of smaller manufacturers will even offer a heavier layup in the same mold for an additional fee if you ask.
If you can find a canoe that is an "outfitter edition", these are usually the same mold as their retail counterparts but with a somewhat heavier layup. So they're not as light for portaging, but way more resistant to abuse.
There's also the argument of flexibility versus rigidity. Rigidity in certain areas is critical to having a canoe handle well in the water, but also makes it way more prone to damage. Some manufacturers will specifically incorporate spots of flexibility and rigidity in the hull to maximize durability and minimize energy loss. Cheaper (mid-tier) manufacturers tend to err on the side of rigidity, which helps them handle well in the water, but makes them more prone to damage.
Working canoe repair, there was undoubtedly one thing we found that dominated the degradation of fiberglass/Kevlar and resin canoes - sunlight. All major resins are well-known to degrade in UV light, as do plastics, tent fabrics, tarps, and many other things we issued. For maximum lifespan, they need to be stored covered, or at least in full shade. They can also be coated in an anti-UV coating, similar to a spar varnish, that we could brush over the resin. Without any protection, the canoes that sat in the sunlight and were never touched degraded just as fast as the ones that stayed out on the water all summer.