The subwoofer is powered by the front speakers, my bet is the previous owner didn't reconnect it to them. And my bet is the Pioneer speakers the previous owner installed have a low Sensitivity rating which means they require more power to sound good than the radio can provide. That's a common issue caused by improper speaker selection. And the more watts the speaker advertises it can handle, the more likely it is to have a low Sensitivity rating which requires a high power amplifier.
I'd convert all four speakers to either a Polk DB speaker or Kicker, they have very high Sensitivity ratings which means they were designed to not need a lot of amplifier power (wattage) to drive them. Anything with a 90 dB (decibel) or higher Sensitivity rating will be fine. And every 3 dB difference in the Sensitivity rating makes a huge difference. For example, a speaker with an 87 dB Sensitivity rating would require exactly twice the wattage/power to play as loudly as a speaker with a 90 dB Sensitivity rating. The Polk and Kicker automotive speakers have something like a 92 dB Sensitivity rating.
And make sure the subwoofer is connected to the front speakers and is getting 12 volts. The below shows the wiring colors for the subwoofer and where they connect.