Gear-driven limited slips transmit a ratio of torque bias, whereas clutch-driven limited slips transmit a preset amount of torque bias.
Gear driven limited slips usually have a ratio of around 3.5:1 (most Truetrac models) or 4:1 to 5:1 (most Torsen models). Some special builds wil have different ratios, like the 2.5:1 ratio Torsen differential optioned in the front F150 Tremor/Raptor axle.
Clutch-driven limited slips have a bias amount anywhere between 40-200 ft-lbs. This is preset from the factory and is not adjustable on the fly. This can be adjusted permanently by installing different preload springs and clutch packs.
Let’s say you have one wheel on pavement and another stuck in the mud. Let’s say the mud provides 100 ft-lbs of resistance to the sunken tire.
If you have an open differential, you can apply up to 100 ft-lbs to both tires, but no more, for a total of 200 ft-lbs of propelling torque.
If you have a Truetrac, you can apply up to 3.5X the lower amount to the higher traction wheel, or 350 ft-lbs, for a total of 450 ft-lbs of propelling torque.
If you have a clutch-driven limited slip preloaded to 50 ft-lbs, you can apply up to 100+50 ft-lbs to the wheel on pavement, for a total of 250 lbs of propelling force.
If you have a locker, you can apply infinite torque (well, up until you snap a shaft at around 2,000 ft-lbs to be more accurate) to each wheel.
Now, let’s say you get to a new spot where one wheel is in the air, and the other on pavement. The wheel in the air is free to spin.
The open differential can apply 0 ft-lbs to either wheel, as the wheel in the air just spins.
The gear driven limited slip does the exact same. Since one wheel spins freely, the carrier sees no torque with which to multiply to the pavement wheel.
(But, you remember an old trick your grandpa taught you: pull the parking brake and power through it! How does this work? Say you apply the parking brake with force to resist 200 ft-lbs at each wheel. The wheel in air and the wheel on the pavement both are provided with a 200 ft-lbs resistance. But since the wheel in the air now has resisting torque, the differential can now multiply that torque and send it to the wheel on the pavement. So now that wheel is powered with 700 ft-lbs, minus the 200 of the parking brake. So now the whole car has a net propulsive torque of 500 ft-lbs!)
The clutch driven limited torque in this scenario is only able to apply 50 ft-lbs of torque to the wheel on the pavement. Braking tricks rarely assist here.
The locker can still apply infinite torque to either wheel, and thus it can apply as much torque as is needed to the wheel on the pavement, limited only by the strength of the axle shaft (or of course traction). So in this case the car gets up to 2,000 ft-lbs of propelling torque.