Well I feel like a bit of a fool, but I didn't realize that the ASD relay also killed power to the coil after 1-2 seconds of turning the key... I had my wife turn the key while I checked and sure enough, I get 12.5V-13V for a short time and then it drops. I went back to the crankshaft position sensor and verified that I was getting 5V to the sensor. But... I unintentionally hit the sensor wire as well and was surprised/scared when I saw that I was also getting 5V from the signal wire as well! From my understanding, I should see something from the signal wire only while cranking due to the way the sensor operates, but I'm getting 5V from both the supply and signal wires with the key on (not cranking). I figured there had to be a short somewhere so I traced the wires back to the PCM with no obvious issues. Out of desperation, I opened the PCM as well to check the capacitors and/or for any burn marks in general, but no dice. I took pictures of the internals to be on the safe side, but I'm throwing in the towel for the night.
I can't thank you guys enough for the support and advice, it is greatly appreciated!