Novak Conversions Jeep Wrangler TJ engine mounts

What is the widest tire I can put on a 7.5" wheel?

A 265 is ok. Bigger and I would agree with above. Check to be sure the tire you want is safe on their website. Don't go with what the tire monkey tells you. (Or any of us for that matter.)
 
Goodyear says 285/70R17 MT/Rs (11.5” wide 33s) will work on a 7.5 wide wheel.

You want at least 3” of combined lift for those, though. And you’ll want to confirm the backspacing plus the thickness of whatever adapters you have will prevent rubbing.
 
I have a set of stock JK Moab rims that are marked 17 x 7-1/2” wide. After doing a bit of searching it looks like some build sheets specified 17x8 but in reality the wheels were stamped 17x7.5.

Interesting, I wasn't sure about this, I just always heard they were 8" wide, but now as I look I am seeing both 7.5" and 8".
 
Can I put 2006 Commander wheels on my 2005 Wrangler?
No, they have a 5x5" bolt pattern, the TJ's is 5x4.5". You could however use a wheel adapter to make the bolt pattern work. And no problem with an 11.5" wide tire, likely no significant issues with a 12.5" wide tire which is commonly mounted on 8" wide wheels.
 
Novak Conversions Jeep Wrangler TJ engine mounts