You are 1/2 right and 1/2 wrong. Apparently you did not live here in the 50's 60's and maybe later. We always had real dust storms. Monsoons are a contrived word from the weather man. We never had them in those years and the word comes from overseas where they actually occur.
I think you're confusing the word "haboob" with "monsoon" (which itself is an Arabic-derived word). The North American Monsoon (aka "Mexican Monsoon") has been common in the Sonoran Desert and closely related basins for at least 40,000 years. It has been going on long enough to allow specific species of flora and fauna to evolve around said patterns.
Also, 'dust storms' are different than a 'haboob'. Dust storms, like the ones that occurred during the dust bowl and in flatter, plains states, are from surface winds. Phoenix rarely has a true "dust storm".
On the other hand, a haboob is typically caused by the lifting/collapsing cells of a thunderstorm. What happens in the Phoenix valley during monsoon season is almost always contributed to thunderstorm cells, so thus the term haboob is more apt (despite salty old boomer preferences)
It's okay to use Arabic words to describe natural phenomena, weather, etc. - they're hardly "contrived" and no one will jihad you for using them, I promise
I mean, you'll likely drink 'coffee' and use 'shampoo' at some point today - two other Arabic derived words. You're already using Arabic numbers and maybe even do some 'algebra' from time to time.