Interesting. The 5-30 is still available in the mobil super
10W-30 is generally being phased out in favor of 5W-30 mostly due to improved startup fuel economy and cold performance. Since it remains less viscous at colder temperatures than 10W-30, it takes far less energy to pump and more quickly reaches the rest of the engine to begin lubrication.
0W-30 is slowly becoming more common, but it is more expensive to produce as it has a lot more friction modifiers than 5W-30.
5W-30 used to be a lot more expensive and difficult to make, but modern synthetic oils naturally have less viscosity change as the temperature increases than mineral oils, and so 5W-30 can easily be produced without a lot of additives.
Interestingly, it is often more difficult and expensive to make a 10W-30 in synthetic than 5W-30, because viscosity modifiers are needed for the opposite reason, or to make the oil thicker at cold temperatures. Since there is really no reason to run 10W-30 when 5W-30 is the same price (or cheaper), it pretty much makes sense to eliminate 10W-30 altogether.
The 5W-30 full synthetic is quite literally a better oil, cheaper to produce, and with fewer additives than the 10W-30 full synthetic. To make a 10W-30 full synthetic, you pretty much start with a 5W-30 stock and add viscosity modifiers to nerf it until it no longer meets the cold lubrication requirements of a 5W oil.
Once the engine is warmed up, the viscosity is almost exactly the same in all three weights, hence the "30".
As to why the TJ recommends 10W-30 over 5W-30 in the hottest environments, I suspect it's mainly due to the viscosity modifier additives in 5W-30 mineral oil being more prone to breakdown at high operating temperatures. Given that synthetic 10W-30 requires
more additives, that reasoning generally does not apply with full synthetic oil.